Python Projects for Beginners

Best Python Projects for Beginners

Today we will be covering some of the most easily understood Python projects for beginners. But before getting into the projects, their code, and their explanation, let us first get a brief introduction to Python programming language.

Python is an object-oriented, high-level interpreted scripting language. Let us discuss some of the various important points regarding the Python programming language:

• Python programming language is a highly readable language making it easy to understand for new coders.
• ABC programming language can be considered the predecessor of the Python programming language. Modula-3 has also some influence on the Python programming language.
• The Python programming language was developed by Guido Van Rossum in the Netherlands in the year 1991.
• Python language is widely used in various technical fields such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Scientific Calculation, Desktop applications, and Web Development (using Django, Flask framework, etc.) Mobile Application Development, etc.

Python supports a wide variety of modules that helps us in developing major and minor projects easily. Python can be used for scripting as well as programming. Python uses an interpreter to execute our code. The modules that come with the Python interpreter are known as built-in models of Python. We can also install a lot of modules using the pip command which basically helps us to install modules on Python interpreter.

Let us now make various Python Projects For Beginners.

1. Hello World

As we know, the very first code that a developer writes whenever he/she learns a new programming language is to print Hello World in the newly learned language.

Now to print Hello World in Python language, we can simply use a Python inbuilt function called print() which prints the data which is provided into the argument of the function. We can also take input from the user using another inbuilt function called input() then we can print the desired output. Let us first simply print Hello World then we will take the name of the user as input and print Hello along with the name of the user.

Output:

2. Calculator

After learning the Hello World, let us now learn another basic project that every beginner developer should make which he/she can use as well. Let us make a calculator. For making a calculator, we will take two numbers as input from the user and the operation that the user wants to perform. Then we will execute the user's desired operation using some if-else conditions.

Let us see the code implementation for more clarity.

3. Number Guessing Game

In the series of Python projects for beginners, let us now learn another simple project - the number guessing game. In this game, we will first set a number that has to be guessed, and then we will provide a range of values under which the user has to guess the number. We will count the number of guesses that the user needs to find the actual number.

Now if the user guesses a number that is larger than the actual number then we will tell the user to guess a number lesser than the current provided number and increment the counter of guesses. Similarly, if the user guesses a number that is smaller than the actual number then we will tell the user to guess a number larger than the current provided number and increment the counter of guesses. The user must guess the number in a minimum number of guesses.

Let us see the code implementation for more clarity.

We can randomly set the number to be guessed using the randint() function of the random module. The random module in Python provides us with various functions that help us to randomly choose among various values. Some of the most important functions of the random module are randint(), sample(), choice(), seed(), sample(), etc.

To learn more about the random module and other modules in Python, refer here.

4. Email Slicer

Email Slicer is another mini project (or we can say a Python script) that we can run to divide any email id into the username and domain name. For example, if we have an email id named name@xyz.com then name is the username on the other hand xyz.com is its domain name.

We can see that the symbol @ divide the email id into the username and the domain name, so we can take this advantage and divide the email id such that the character starting from the first index to the index before the occurrence of the @ symbol becomes username. Similarly, we will divide the email id such that all the characters after the @ symbol becomes the domain name.

Here, the email id is a string, so we can use the string-slicing concept for dividing the array into segments. Now for finding the index of the @ symbol in the email id, we can use the string.index() function.

String slicing concept in Python that is used to fetch a substring from another string by slicing it from the starting index until the stopping index. The starting index is included here but the ending or stopping index is excluded. To learn more about string slicing, please refer here.

Let us see the code implementation for more clarity.

5. Sending Email Using Python

After learning how to extract the username and domain from an email id, let us learn how we can send emails using Python. Now to send an email using Python, we will use a module named smtplib module. The smtplib is an external library that we first need to install using the command pip install smtplib. The smtplib module uses the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol to create a client session and then send mail to the valid email id.

Now before sending an email, we need to import the module, then create a session using a function (smtplib.SMTP) of the module and provide the port number of Gmail i.e. $587$. After setting the session, we need to provide the email id and password through the smtp.login() function and then we can easily send the message to the recipient using the smtplib.sendmail function. At last, we must end the session using the smtplib.quit() function.

Since sending, emails is a crucial thing so maintaining security is a major concern. Hence we use the TLS mode i.e. Transport Layer Security to put the SMTP connection in it for security.

Let us see the code implementation for more clarity.

6. Hangman Game

Hangman is a simple game in which the program selects a word randomly from a list of words and then the user has to guess the word. Now for guessing the word, the user is provided with a limited number of chances and if the user cannot guess the word in the specified chances then the game ends and the user losses (which means hanged the man so the name hangman). If the user correctly guesses the word then the user wins and the game continues. We will also display the number of characters in the word or the number of letters for easy guessing.

In our program, we will provide changes equal to (length of the word) + 2 for the ease of the user. For making the game more interesting, we will initially provide some dashes (--) equal to the length of the word. In each turn of guess, if the user guesses a correct letter then that letter of the word is made visible and the rest letters are still shown with dashes.

Again for choosing a random from the list of words, we can use the random module of Python. We have also used a list that will display all the incorrect letters guessed by the user.

Let us see the code implementation for more clarity.

7. Rock Paper Scissors Game

Now continuing the games let us learn how to make another famous game called Rock, Paper, Scissor or Stone, Paper, and Scissor. Rock Paper and scissors is a fairly easy game that we used to play a lot in our childhood. This game is usually played between two players and in each turn, both players simultaneously form a particular shape among the three choices (roc, paper, and scissor). The user will win according to the rules of the game. Now, let us first look at its rules.

• Rock vs Paper -> Paper wins.
• Rock vs Scissor -> Rock wins.
• Paper vs Scissor -> Scissor wins.

The approach of this game is quite simple. For the second player, we have the computer and the choice of the computer can be made using another important function of the random module called random.randint(). This function generates a random number lying between the specified range (specified in the randint() parameter). How can we say that the guessed number resembles Rock or Paper or Scissor?

• If the number is between 0-33 then we assume that the choice of our computer is Rock.
• If the number is between 33-66 then we assume that the choice of our computer is Paper.
• If the number is between 66-100 then we assume that the choice of our computer is Scissors.

Now the work is quite simple, we will take the user's choice and match it according to the rules and display the result accordingly. Let us see the code implementation for more clarity.

8. Countdown Timer

A timer is one of the most widely used applications, let us now learn how we can create our very own countdown timer using Python only.

For creating a timer, we will be using the time module in Python. We will first take the time duration (in seconds) of the timer from the user in the format of minutes: seconds. We will then call a function that will execute an infinite loop until the specified duration of time reaches 0. We print the seconds and minutes using the time.sleep() method of the time module so that the user can see how much time is left for the timer to end. in each iteration of the loop, we decrement the counter and after the completion of time, we will print Timer has ended!.

Let us see the code implementation for more clarity.

In the above code, we have used a function called divmod() which will divide the time duration into minutes and seconds as we are using $60$ for division.

To learn more about sleep() method, refer here.

9. Alarm Clock with Python

Another mini yet very useful project in the series of Python projects for beginners is an Alarm Clock. We can create the alarm clock with the help of Python's inbuilt module named datetime. We will first take the time of the alarm as input from the user. Then we will extract minute, hour, second, and alarm period (AM or PM) using the string slicing technique.

After extracting these things, we will get the current time of the system using the datetime.now() method of the datetime module. For convenience and easy matching, we will also distract the current minute, hour, and second, from the current time using the string slicing technique.

After getting current and alarm timings, we will compare all these units and when the match happens, we can display the alarm. We can also play music from our system using the playsound module of Python.

The playsound module contains only a single function named playsound(). The function only takes one argument which is the path of the file from which we have to play the sound. The sound file can be a local file, or it can be the URL of the music to be played. We can also provide an optional or second argument i.e. block, which is set to True by default. We can set it to False for making the function run asynchronously. The playsound() function can work well with both WAV and MP3 files.

To learn more about the datetime module, please refer here.

Let us see the code implementation for more clarity.

10. Google Image Downloader

Another handy and easy project for a beginner developer can be Google Image Downloader. As the name suggests, using the script, we can download images to our local system. Now for downloading images from Google, we will need another external module of Python i.e. google_images_download which has various functions that help us in downloading images from google. As this module is an external module, we first need to install the module on our local system using the pip install google_images_download command.

In this program, we will be using Exception Handling as we are requesting external servers with some queries. Now, Exception Handling is the process of handling errors and exceptions such that the normal execution of the system is not halted.

The main aim of Exception handling is to separate the error handling code from the normal code. We can try to handle exceptions without exception handling i.e. without using a try-except block. We can always use multiple if-else conditions to handle errors. As normal code also contains conditional statements like if-else so, these conditions can get mixed up with our error handling if-else conditions making the entire code less readable and less maintainable. So, we use try-exception blocks to easily manage exceptional handling.

To learn more about exception handling in Python, please refer here.

Let us learn the step-by-step approach involved in downloading images from Google.

• First, we need to import the module i.e. google_image_download.
• After importing the module, we need to create an instance or an object of the google_images_download.googleimagesdownload() class. Let us name the object - response as it will be used in further steps.
• We can define the queries to be searched under a list (as a list of string queries).
• We will then define the arguments for the .download() method of the response object that we have created initially.
• In the argument, we will provide several key-value pairs like:
  • keyword - the query that has to be searched is referred to as a query.
  • format - as the name suggests, we need to tell the exact format of the image to be downloaded.
  • limit - limit tells us the maximum number of images to be downloaded.
  • print_urls - if this parameter is set to True then the image URL is printed else the URL is not printed.
  • size - we can also specify the size of the image to be downloaded like small, medium, large, icon, etc.
  • aspect_ratio - we can also set the aspect ratio of the image i.e the height and width of the image. Some of the options for aspect ratio are tall, square, wide, and panoramic.
• We will start a try except block and run a function called response.download() in the try block. In the except block, we can again try to download the image or we can also write a simple print statement that will tell us about the exception.

Let us see the code implementation for more clarity.

11. Quiz App using Python

Our next project in the series of Python projects for beginners is Quiz Application. This project is fairly easy to build. We only need a basic understanding of Python loops, conditional statements, etc.

In this project, we will initially provide 3 options to the users: register, login, and exit. If the user selects register then the user can provide his/her details like name, roll number, etc. We can use this information to further authenticate the details during login. We will store the details of the user in a file so that it can be retrieved during login authentication (please refer to the code for more details).

After the registration, the user will be asked to log in using the credentials, and then he/she can choose from the available list of tests. The test contains 5 MCQ questions and after the end of the result, the test score, percentage, and grade will be shown to the user along with a greeting containing his/her name. The code provided below is self-explanatory.

Let us see the code implementation for more clarity.

12. Library Management System

Let us now look at another project which is one of the most commonly made projects by beginners. Every beginner should make this project as it teaches us the use case of function calling, class concepts, etc.

So for making a Library Management System we should be familiar with the concept of classes, objects, functions, loops, etc. We will declare two classes in this project. The first one being Library class that will handle all the library related stuffs like showing all the books, adding more books, removing books, etc. The second class i.e. Students class will handle the requests of the students.

Now for the start, we will put a list of books and these list of books will be provided to the constructor of the Library class that will ultimately initialize a variable containing all the available books. We will use this variable in each and every function for manipulations. If a user wants to see the list of all the available books then we would call a function (displayBooks) which will print all the books. Similarly, we have functions like lendBook() and addBook() for lending books to students and for adding back the borrowed book respectively.

We will be running an infinite loop that will display all the options that a user can choose like view books, add books, borrow books, and exit.

Before getting into the code, let us learn about some of the used functions, terminologies, and modules so that the explanation can become easier.

• sys module: - The sys module is an inbuilt module in Python which provides us with various functions, variables, and methods that can be used to easily manipulate different parts of the Python runtime environment. The sys module allows us to operate on the interpreter by providing us access to the variables and functions that interact strongly with the interpreter.
• __init__: - The __init__ is a method in Python, it can be seen as an equivalent constructor method of the C++ constructor or Java constructor (in an object-oriented programming approach). The __init__ is used to initialize the object, hence it is called every time an object is created using a class. The __init__ method lets the class initialize the object’s attributes and serves no other purpose. The method is only used within classes.
• self - Now, self is used to represent the instance of the class. By using the self we can access the attributes and methods of the class in Python. We can correlate self with this operator of C++ which has the same usage. It binds the attributes with the given arguments. We use self in Python classes because Python does not use the @ syntax to refer to instance attributes. Python decided to do methods in a way that makes the instance to which the method belongs be passed automatically, but not received automatically: the first parameter of methods is the instance the method is called on. self always points to the current object.
• class - A class is a user-defined data type or blueprint or prototype using which objects are created. Classes provide a method through which we can bind the data and its associated functionalities together. Creating a new class creates a new type of object, allowing new instances of that type to be made. Each class instance can have attributes attached to it for maintaining its state.
• object - An Object is an instance of a class. In simpler terms, we can say that an object is a variable of class type. A class is like a blueprint while an instance is a copy of the class with actual values. Python is an object-oriented programming language that stresses objects i.e. it mainly emphasizes on functions and methods. Objects are basically an encapsulation of data variables and methods acting on that data into a single entity.

Let us see the code implementation for more clarity.

See Also:

• Substring in python.
• Switch case statement in python.